Transcriptomics enables scientists to understand dynamic gene expression patterns in different tissues and conditions. This session focuses on RNA sequencing platforms and their applications in analyzing plant development, physiology, and stress. Differential expression analysis, alternative splicing, and non-coding RNAs in plants will be explained by experts. Case studies will be presented to demonstrate transcriptomic understanding of drought resistance, defense against pathogens, and nutrient uptake. Transcriptomics integration with proteomics and metabolomics will also be discussed to construct an integrated understanding of plant systems. Single-cell transcriptomics and spatial transcriptomics advances will be showcased as state-of-the-art platforms for the high-resolution analysis of gene expression. The session will highlight how transcriptomic methodology speeds up trait discovery and molecular breeding, integrating basic science with practical crop enhancement.