Stems are also water, nutrient, and photosynthate conduits as well as structural supporters for plants. This session will emphasize stem anatomy, including primary and secondary growth, vascular tissues, and their functions in transport systems. Xylem and phloem differentiation, lignification, and the cambium role in secondary growth will be addressed by experts. Case studies will demonstrate woody and herbaceous stem adaptations and specialized modifications like tendrils and rhizomes. Cellular organization and transport efficiency will be disclosed through advances in microscopy and imaging. Through participation, they will learn how plant physiology is supported by stem anatomy and facilitated by agricultural practices, forestry, and bioenergy production.