Plant molecular biology furnishes the basis for realizing how genetic information directs growth, development, and environmental response. The session will discuss DNA replication, transcription, and RNA regulation in plants, including the involvement of transcription factors and regulatory RNAs in switching gene expression on and off. Post-transcriptional modification, protein synthesis, and the complex signaling networks that merge external stimuli with genetic response will be discussed by experts. Highlighting advances in molecular cloning, gene silencing, and CRISPR technologies, their applications in crop improvement will be presented. Case studies will identify molecular aspects of flowering control, stress tolerance, and nutrient use efficiency. High-throughput sequencing and molecular profiling tools that display the intricacies of plant genomes and transcriptomes will also be learned about by participants. Through the integration of basic research and applied biotechnology, this session will highlight the pivotal position that molecular biology plays in constructing the future of plant science and sustainable agriculture.