Drought and salinity are two of the most critical abiotic stresses with challenges to global crop yields and food security. The session will discuss physiological, biochemical, and molecular processes that allow plants to survive under water-deficient and high salt environments. Participants will discover how osmotic adjustment, ABA signal transduction, and ion transport are core processes for stress adaptation. The session emphasizes the effects of drought on water-use efficiency and salinity on ion homeostasis. Scientists will deliver research on stress-induced gene expression and metabolic adaptation. Participants will learn about genetic and breeding strategies to create stress-tolerant crops. How stress biology influences evolutionary adaptation and ecological survival will also be explained. Case studies will demonstrate the diversity of crops in responses to drought and salinity across environments. Participants will learn about state-of-the-art molecular methods for stress phenotyping. This session unites plant physiology, molecular regulation, and applied agriculture, providing solutions to achieve crop productivity under climate conditions.