Genetic variation is the basis for plant evolution, adaptation, and crop improvement. This session concentrates on the causes of variation, such as mutation, recombination, and gene flow in plant populations. Participants will learn how genetic diversity allows plants to survive environmental stresses and changing climates. The session emphasizes how molecular markers are employed to measure variation within natural and improved populations. Scientists will present how genetic diversity underlies breeding programs for introducing valuable traits like disease resistance and increased yields. Participants will learn about population genetics methods measuring allele frequencies and genetic structure. The session also addresses how genetic diversity sustains biodiversity and ecosystem resilience. Case studies will showcase how reduced variation may enhance susceptibility to pests and stresses. Participants will be informed about conservation methods that preserve genetic resources for breeding in the future. This session gives a connection between evolutionary biology, genetics, and practical agriculture, pointing out the critical role of plant variation to be successful.